A study on social and economic challenges faced by youth living in Thapathali Slum, Kathmandu, Nepal
A STUDY ON
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES FACED BY YOUTH living in THAPATHALI Slum, KATHMANDU,
A Dissertation Submitted to
The Department of Social Work
Classic College for Higher Studies, Tilganga,
Kathamandu
Tribhuwan University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Bachelors of Arts in Social Work
By
Sudershan Basnet
Classic
College for Higher Studies, Tilganga, Kathmandu
Tribhuwan
University
2013
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK
CLASSIC COLLEGE FOR HIGHER STUDIES, TILGANGA
KATHMANDU
RECOMMENDATION
This
dissertation entitled “A Study on Social
and Economic Challenges Faced by Youths Living in Thapathali Slum, Kathmandu,
Nepal” submitted by Mr. Sudershan Basnet for the partial fulfillment of the
Bachelors of Arts in Social Work is prepared under my guidance and supervision.
I recommend dissertation for final evaluation.
Mr.
Saurav Kiran Shrestha
Dissertation
Supervisor and
Head
of Department of Social Work
(Classic
College for Higher Studies)
TRIBHUWAN
UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK
CLASSIC COLLEGE FOR HIGHER STUDIES, TILGANGA
KATHMANDU
ACCEPTANCE
LETTER
This
dissertation submitted by Mr. Sudershan
Basnet, entitled “A Study on Social
and Economic Challenges Faced by Youths Living in Thapathali Slum, Kathmandu,
Nepal” has been accepted as the partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the Bachelors Degree in Social work.
Evaluation
Committee
……………………….
……………………….
Mr.
Purushottam Pradhan
Mr. Saurav Kiran Shrestha
(External Exmanier) (Supervisor)
Date:
………………………..
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and introduction
“The
Sukumbasis can be theorized as a group of people who maintain barely a defacto possession over the land they
occupy but nonetheless are not simply wage laborers or slaves.” (Ghimire, 1992)
Qinhuai
River located in China highly polluted river of Nanjing. Illegal slums and
squatters along the river, the filthy environment as well as the contaminated
smelly river have severely reduced the quality of human settlement,
environment, and urban images. In order to achieve an excellent living
environment incorporation ancient and modern civilization Nanjing Commission
and Government made a decision of implementation the Qinhuai River
rehabilitation at the end of 2002 (As cited in Bagmati Action Plan, 2009)
The
growth of the urban population has contributed to a surge in squatter
communities. Such settlements have emerged- in various part of the Kathmandu
Valley. About 75- Settlements have been: identified so tar, 65 of which are
located in Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The majority are established along
riverbanks, which traditionally formed the borderline between cities. The
rivers concerned are mainly the Vishnumati, which flows from north to south to
the west of Kathmandu city and the Bagmati which borders Kathmandu to the
south. These two waterways converge in the heart of the capital. A smaller
group of squatters are located in a non-riparian environment, in the Kathmandu
suburbs, often on the periphery of former independent settlements. This is the
case near Bauddha (Bodnath), Chabhil, Maharajganj, and Guhyesvari. In Nepali,
all these areas, riparian and inland, are called sukumbasi basti, and the
squatters living there suicumbasi, a word applied to any displaced and landless
persons, as well as to families illegally occupying land or a recently
deforested area. (The free Library, 2010)
The
Bagmati is an important tributary of the Ganges and has a catchments area of
3710 km2 in Nepal. The river rises in the Kathmandu Valley, which
comprises just 15 % of the area of the Bagmati Basin in Nepal. The Basin can be
divided into three parts: the Upper Bagmati Basin. The drainage area of the
Bagmati as far downstream as Bhandarikharka (downstream of Chobar) is 662 km2
(Bagmati Action Plan, 2009-2014). (Lumanti, 2005)
According
to Jiba Raj Pokhrel, “Squatters cannot be totally wished out of existence.
There are such settlements in all the countries whether developed or
developing. The main problem of such settlement is the degrading environment.
So, the up-gradation of such settlements is very necessary” (Pokhrel, 2006
pg.17)
Slum
communities are defined by poverty, low income, inadequate living conditions
and sub standard facilities. These communities are usually inhabited by
socially disadvantaged people (people regarded as lower caste) but, unlike
squatter settlements, the residents of these slum areas generally own their
land and house which is very small in size and have formal title papers
(lalpurja) to prove this. These communities are mostly found in Lalitpur.
(Lumati, 2001)
Slum neighborhoods have numerous economic, social, as well as
infrastructure problems. Slum dwellers lack proper housing, water and
sanitation, are exposed to serious health risks, and have limited access to
credit and the formal job market due to stigmatization and discrimination and
to geographic isolation. Furthermore, they have limited access to social and
economic networks. Slum areas in cities have high population densities and high
concentrations of social and economic deprivation, which may include broken
families, unemployment, and economic, physical and social exclusion. (Goble
Report of Human Settlement, 2003)
According
to United Nation Human Settlement Program, Low enrollment rate, lack of income
source, unmanaged waste, poor health condition, lack of drinking water and poor
infrastructure are the main problem of slum area. In Nepal, lack of
sanitation in overcrowded urban areas
exposes children to diarrheal at a
higher rate (17.9%) than in the country’s rural areas (12.6%) or its
urban environments overall (10.3%).Where all four basic shelter services are
lacking, the prevalence of diarrheal diseases rises to 20.8%. (State of the
World’s cities, 2010)
1.3
Magnitude of the problem
Due
to the high unemployment rate of slums and squatter area of Kathmandu as well
as whole Nepal, many social and economic problems has been growing day by day.
According to Lumanti report (2001) shows us that many youth are unemployed and
uneducated in Thapathali slum area of Kathmandu which directly affects the
national development and also city development. Increasing trend in the number
of the squatter settlements and slums is one of the key issues related to
uncontrolled urban growth in Kathmandu valley. In 1985 it was estimated that
there were 17 squatter communities in Kathmandu, but now the number has grown
to 40. As increasing trend of these settlements has significant impacts in the
local environment of the valley, any plans and programs designed to improve the
Kathmandu valley’s urban environment must effectively address the issue of
squatter population. Slum and squatter areas have been one of the major
problems in Kathmandu, Nepal. The problem and unfavorable consequences brought
out by them can have adverse effects on the development of the society and
country as a whole. The different aspects of it such as health, sanitation,
social and economic should be examined and proper and suitable interventions
should be made by the government, related institution and the concerned parties.
1.4
Rationale of the Study:
According
to Lumanti report (2001) Unemployment in urban areas is estimated at 8 percent.
In the slum and squatter communities, however, unemployment among people aged
between 15 and 60 years was surprisingly high: 41.9 percent in the squatter
settlements and 49.0 percent in the slum communities. This excessively high
level of unemployment is thought to reflect several factors such as a lack of
recognition for women involved in family businesses and reluctance on the part
of those surveyed to declare informal work. Slums and squatters are present in
the urban centers. When we say this, it is clear that the aspects of modern
society and urbanization should not be overlooked. Education, health, employment,
crime, income, social relationship, family responsibility and about their
skills etc are such aspects.
Thus,
this study is conducted to find out the mentioned aspects of youth slums
prevention in the Thapathali area of Kathmandu, Nepal. It is also conducted to
find out reliable possibility of employment opportunities of their youth, to
identify social relationship of their youth people and to identify
vulnerability of youth in crime sector.
1.5
Research Questions:
1. What
are the challenging social factors to get employment opportunities of young
people of Thapathali slum area?
2. What
are the challenging economic factors of to get good employment opportunities?
3. How
young people are surviving on their community and their family?
4. How
youth are at risk to anti social activities?
5. What
kind of support young people living in Thapathali slum want to take from the
governmental and non-governmental sector to generate their income source?
1.6
Objectives:
·
To find out social challenges of youth
living in Thapathali slum of Kathamandu that covers social relationship,
education, health, family responsibility aspects.
·
To identify economic challenges of Thapathali
youth living in slum area which covers the employment opportunities, income
source, skills and knowledge, formal employment service and support as well as
donation aspects.
·
To identify vulnerability of youth
involvement in anti social activities.
1.7
Justification of the study:
This
research will find out employment opportunities of slum youth of Thapathali
area, their social relationship and influencing factor to involve in crime
sector of their youth. This research also will help to governmental and
non-governmental organization for work effectively further.
CHAPTER
II
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2. Background:
2.1. Definition of Youth:
Oxford
dictionary states that youth means the part of life that success to childhood;
the period of existence preceding maturity of age; the whole early part of
life, from childhood, or, sometimes, from infancy, to manhood (Oxford
dictionary, 2004)
DFID
explains that “Youth are those who have just finished schooling, are sexually
active, and facing livelihoods/ unemployment issues and the wider effects of
structural poverty.” (DFID, 2012)
According
to psychological point of view “The time when we look at what we want and then
find out that we can’t have it both ways. Middle age is defined as a time when
person realizes that he has reached the point of no return. Old ages described
as a triumph of hope over experience.” (YUWA, 2012)
Likewise
social point of view, “A person who has surpassed the age of innocence and
freedom age of making mistakes; a person from whom the society starts expecting
active contributions and who prepares to step in a settled life where he/she
has greater responsibility to the society and family.” (YUWA, 2012)
UNESCO
understands that young people are a heterogeneous group in constant evolution
and that the experience of ‘being young’ varies enormously across regions and
within countries. (Tribhuvan University, 2006)
According
to the Standard United Nation definition “youth” comprises young people aged 15
to 24 years inclusive (United Nation, 1992) United Nation 1992 statistical
charts and indictors on the situation of youth 1970 to 1990 (new work). In the practice, the operational definition
of youth or young people varies widely from country to country, depending or
cultural, institutional and political factors. In industrialized countries and
in the Central and Eastern European transition economics, the lower age limit
usually corresponds to the statutory minimum school- leaving age: the upper
limit tends to vary more widely. In the United Kingdom age group with 16 to 17
years olds getting special treatment, while in Italy the term is used to
describe polices for people aged between 14-29 (in the north) and 14-32 (in the
south) (Niall O’Higgins, 2001).
Association of Youth Organization (AYON) defined Youth refer
to the period when, mental and physical development from being children to
being adolescents. In this period, while experiencing various troubles and
emotional conflicts, adolescents establish their livelihood bases as the
standard-bearers of the society, contribute to society through their
participation in public affairs, and widen the scope of their activities both
domestically and internationally in accordance with their skills, aptitude, and
Nepal’s National Youth Policy defines youth in between 16-40, World Bank
defines youth between the ages of 15-24, UN defines youth between the ages of 15-24 etc. (AYON, 2010)
Age definitions of
youth differ from country to country like India: 13-35, United Sate: 12-18,
Pakistan: 15-35, Japan: 0-24, South Africa: 14-35. (YUWA, 2012)
2.2.
Meaning of Slum:
UN-HABITAT defines about any specific place, whether a whole
city or a neighborhood, as a slum area if half or more of all households lack
improved water, improved sanitation, sufficient living area, durable housing,
secure tenure, or combinations thereof. An area or neighborhood deprived of
improved sanitation alone may experience a lesser degree of deprivation than an
area that lacks any adequate services at all, but both are considered slums in
this definition. (UN-HABITAT, 2010)
Slum refers to a street
or district of old buildings in a poor dirty condition, often crowded with
people (Hornby, 1995).
Slum
communities are defined by poverty, low income, inadequate living conditions
and sub standard facilities. These communities are usually inhabited by
socially disadvantaged people (people regarded as lower caste) but, unlike
squatter settlements, the residents of these slum areas generally own their
land and house which is very small in size and have formal title papers
(lalpurja) to prove this. These communities are mostly found in Lalitpur.
(Lumanti, 2001)
United
Nations defines slums as building, groups of building or areas characterized by
overcrowding, deterioration, unsanitary condition or absence of facilities or
amenities which, because of these conditions or any of them, endanger the
health, safety or morals of its inhabitants or the community. Undoubtedly, the
slum settlements are mostly the domain of the poor. There is therefore a close
relationship between the slums and poverty. (as
cited in UN-HABITAT, 2010)
Slums
are overcrowded and squalid backstreets, districts etc. usually in a city. It is
also can be called house or building unfit for human habitation or settlement
(Illustrated Oxford Dictionary, 2006)
2.3. Asian Trends:
The
growth of urban population in Kolkata has been one of the primary reasons for a
phenomenal increase in the number of slums and squatter colonies in the city.
Overcrowding has been a problem for many centuries, and seems to be getting
worse due to a high amount migration into the city. In the 2001 census the
city’s population density per square Km was 44,458. About one third of the
population under the Kolkata Municipal corporation lives in slums and there
2,011 registered and 3500 unregistered slums in Kolkata. In the 2001 census it
was found that 67 percent slum population are literate and out of titrate people 57 per cent are males and 41
percent are female. On the literacy rate for whole of Kolkata was 82 percent
(Shah, 2008)
In
India has sanitation coverage of 36.4 percent, urban and rural coverage being
73.7 percent and 21.9 percent respectively. In fact, the country has been
ranked first in the worst place in the world for sanitation as a total number
of people lacking sanitation and 20th for sanitation provision as a
percentage of population lacking access (ENVIS, 2005)
UN-
HABITAT (2006) reports that, 79 percent of the population of Bangladesh’s
larger cities live in slums. A mapping and census study (CUS, NIPORT and
MEASURE Evaluation, 2006 suggests a much lower figure of around one third of
Dhaka’s 12 million inhabitations (Cameron, 2009)
In
Bangladesh most NGOs have traditionally had a rural focus and have only
recently started to move into urban areas, and to understand the particular
challenges of serving slum population. One difficult is that slums often
evicted, potentially resulting in the loss of the NGOs building as well as the
relationship it has built up in that community, and leaving it unable to
demonstrate any outcome (Cameron, 2009)
In the perspective of
Asian country, in Kazakhstan, 26 per cent of non-slum households live in slum
areas, while 20 percent of slum households live in non-slum areas. In Nepal,
the proportions are 23 per cent and 16 per cent, respectively. In Pakistan, a
large proportion of non-slum households live in non-slum areas, with the vast
majority of slum households, 90 percent, living in slum areas.
(State of the World Cities, 2008)
2.4. National Trends:
One
of the conspicuous evidence in Kathmandu valley is the increasing number of
slums and squatter settlements along with the rapid urbanization. There were 17
squatter settlements in 1985 that increased to 45 in 2008 (Lumanti, 2008).
On
average, each squatter settlement had 130 houses in 2008. Most of the large
river banks are occupied by the squatter settlements. Rapid urban growth
coupled with an inadequate government response has led to the proliferation of
unhealthy, poorly serviced and infrastructure- deficient settlements often on
public or marginal lands. It is mostly the urban poor who settle in these areas
and suffer with unhealthy and unsafe lives. Approximately seven percent urban
families were living in illegally occupied public lands by the eighth plan (NPC
1998). Although there is a lack of updated data, the current trend of squatting
of public land across the country shows that proportion of families living in
such lands might be growing (Care Nepal, 2008) During 1981-1991, the urban
population of the Kathmandu valley grew by over 82 percent, in which migration
alone contributed to 59 percent. Although the large urban areas offer
relatively better facilities, services and job opportunities than smaller
towns, they have already got intense pressure on their extant utility
infrastructure and services. (Pradhan, 2004)
“Examining the period
1961-1986 as a whole, the Nawalparasi district seemed to have seen a population
increase of 279,672 (48,219 households), whilst currently a mere 8,155
households were included in resettlement or regularization programs,
particularly given the high rate of net population growth, was the major factor
contributing to ‘illegal’ settlements in the districts.” (Ghimire, 1992:67)
Alike in the tenth five
year plan, the Government of Nepal has also included policies and programs in
the Three Years Plan to clean rivers of Kathmandu valley and accordingly 11
million rupees has been allocated for this task (National Plan, 2002)
2.5. National Youth
policy 2010, of Nepal
The National Youth Policy 2010, of Nepal has been covered all
youths to provide their rights like Basic rights of livelihood, education,
health and family welfare, social security etc. Some of important policies are
define below.
Programs
shall be launched in a coordinated manner in order to establish the rights of
food, shelter, clothing, education, health, employment and security of the
youths. There shall be ensured the right of the youths to live with dignity in
an environment that is free from fear and discrimination made on grounds of
class, ethnicity, profession, language, religion, region, gender and
disability. Access of the youths to education has be ensured by Youth Policy
2010 , and this policy further explains
that education shall be made scientific, empirical and skills-oriented and
linked with labor, and youths shall be made competent to earn normal livelihood
post the school living certificate level examination. (Youth and Sports
Ministry of Nepal, 2010)
The
access of the youths to health information shall be maintained which is
incorporated in the health and family welfare topic of National Youth
Policy. While making the basic health
services easily available for the youths and health education shall be
incorporated in the curriculum right from that of elementary level, and
education shall be imported about clean drinking water, health life style,
nutrition, healthy environment and hazardous works, among others. The youths
shall be encouraged to have safe and positive
sexual activities, while providing them with education on sexual
health safety and freeing them from all kinds of sexual violence. (Youth and
Sports Ministry of Nepal, 2010)
This
policy explains in perspective of employment sector that the matter of
providing social protection to unemployed youths pending the provision of
employment to them shall be forwarded on the basis of study. Provisions shall
be made to provide consultancy service to the youths on areas such as health
and career development. Youths shall be mobilized to do away with ill-practices
such as child marriage and polygamy. Development of rural and agro-industry
shall be focused on, by providing entrepreneurship and other vocational
training, in order to enhance employment. For the development of
professionalism and entrepreneurship and generation of employment of the
youths, initiation shall be taken to establish and develop financial
institutions, as required. In order to develop entrepreneurship on the youths
who have technical knowledge and skills, programs shall be launched to provide
youth friendly loans and seed money on the basis of certificate. (Youth and
Sports Ministry of Nepal, 2010)
This
policy also included some program related to empowerment, leadership
development, youth partnership etc. which would be very helpful for overall
development of interpersonal and groups of young people as well as recover the
society in positive way. Participation
of youths in policy making, planning and implementation processes, with
priority, has been forged. And
it further explains that motivational programs shall be launched in order to
make the youths actively participate in the policy and decision making
processes in the economic field. Such programs as to maintain the access of
communities to balanced use of natural resources of the country and mobilize
the youths in that activity shall be launched. (Youth and Sports Ministry of
Nepal, 2010)
These
policy further stats about art, culture, sports and entertainment subject
matter those youths shall be trained and mobilized to protect and promote
various artistic and cultural heritages in Nepal. Focus shall be given to the
institutional development of the sports sector in such a manner as to elevate
the glory and prestige of the nation, while having regard to the maintenance of
mental and physical fitness of the people so as to motivate them to serve the
nation and people. (Youth and Sports Ministry of Nepal, 2010)
To
control of narcotics addiction, the government sector, private sector,
political organizations and nongovernmental organizations shall be mobilized
extensively for the operation of preventive and curative programs so as to
discourage addiction and deformity in the youths. Counseling and rehabilitation
centers shall be operated for the rehabilitation of narcotic drug addict
youths. And legal provisions shall be enforced more strictly in order to
prevent trafficking in Nepalese youths taking place in various countries.
Necessary arrangements shall be made to prevent Nepalese youths from reaching
illegal and unsafe destinations. (Youth and Sports Ministry of Nepal, 2010)
According
to youth policy also state that the young people will be provided equal
opportunities for sustainable peace building and conflict resolution process,
equitable development with their belonging aspect like caste, gender and
marginalized and their group will be analyzed and special group priorities for their development.
2.6. Government plan and programs for
youth:
According
to national policy of Nepal, the Youths and Sports Ministry of the Government
of Nepal shall serve as a mechanism to monitor and evaluate whether the outputs
and objectives to be achieved with the implementation of this National Youth
Policy have been achieved or fulfilled fully or partly. To this end, provisions
shall be made to enhance the institutional capacity of the Ministry, as
required. There shall be pursued a policy of adopting the participatory
monitoring system for monitoring and evaluation. This Policy shall be regularly
reviewed, revised and improved in every five years. Since a comprehensive
national youth survey has not yet been completed at the time of formulation of
this Policy, necessary revision shall be made in this Policy after the
adolescent and youth survey being carried out by the Central Bureau of
Statistics. (Youth and Sports Ministry of Nepal, 2010)
Youth
Studies book also explains the government programs for youth development such
programs tries to be engage of youth in development sector they are as bellows.
2.6.1.
Establishment
of Youth Ministry:
When
there was reorganization of ministries after the restoration of democracy in
Nepal in 2047 B.S. Education, Culture and Social Welfare Ministry was
established which looked after the sector of sports as well. In 2052 B.S. there
was reformation of ministers and there was separate ministry for Youth, Sports
and Culture. In 2065 B.S. when Nepal turned into Republic, Youth and Sports
Ministry was established. It is marked as an achievement in the history of
youth. At present, 17 ministries consist of youth section.
2.6.2. Youth Self Employment Program:
During the
tenure of Baburam Bhattarai as Finance Minister in 2065 B.S. Youth
Self-Employment Program was initiated in order to provide fund to young people
up to 200000as a loan in order to initiate entrepreneurship. (Youth and Sports
Ministry of Nepal, 2065 B.S)
2.6.3.
National
Development Service (NDS):
Tulsi
R. Vaidya (2002) writes that the National Education System Plan, launched in
1971, made a widespread endeavor among the people for changing in education in
Nepal. One of its vital features was the introduction of the National
Development Service (NDS) program through Tribhuvan University that involved
student to work in the rural areas with people in the grassroots level from
1974. All degree (Post Graduate) level students were required to render service
for one year, i.e., to work full time in village development activities. The
program was an integral part of the academic curriculum at the degree level,
conducted for six years with two small voluntary Pilot Projects in 1973. (YUWA,
2012, pg. 9)
2.7.
National Shelter Policy, 1996
The
Nepal government has been developed Nepal Shelter Policy, 1996 which was
realized from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Babar Mahal,
Kathmandu. That policy has been highlighted below.
2.7.1.
Increasing
the production of swelling units and repair and maintenance of the existing
book.
2.7.1.1. Increase the availability of dwelling units of
proper and suitable value and increase the supply of serviced lands.
2.7.1.2. Increasing the necessary basic infrastructural
services and facilities and expanding the same.
2.7.1.3. Improvement
in the use of building materials and construction technology.
2.7.2.
Promote
effective mobilization and allocation of financial resources.
2.7.2.1.
Mobilize the land housing credit
delivery mechanisms to be floated at the formal and community levels on an
experimental basis.
2.7.2.2.
To develop the process of cost recovery
of public investments in land, physical infrastructures and services.
2.7.2.3.
Increasing financial self-sufficiency of
the shelter sector.
2.7.3.
Organizational
improvement
2.7.3.1.
Clarify the role of public and private
sectors for implementing the National Shelter Policy.
2.7.3.2.
Make necessary institutional arrangement
for planning policy making, implementation, training, research and evaluation
on sectors related to the development of dwelling units.
2.7.3.3.
Introducing the appropriate and
effective laws and regulations and amending the existing ones as needed.
2.7.3.4.
Make arrangement for the data base to
make the decision making and monitoring process on shelter development simple
and effective. (National Shelter Policy, 1996)
2.8 Problems of youth:
Unfortunately
no one is bothered to dream any vision. Martin Luther has said, "I have a
Dream" and the dream come largely true. If he had not thought of that
dream he would have accomplished nothing in his life. Another problem is its
indifferent attitude towards things, situation and politics .The new cool
formula of “let the things be “is proving fatal to Nepal’s development .Lack of
unity and spirit is the major setback . It’s time the youth, the students have
to realize their power, their role, their duties and their responsibility and
stand up for their rights. Now it’s time that instead of brain drain we should
act like magnets and attract world to Nepal. (UN, 2005)
Some
of the most prevalent problems of youth towards development are given below.
2.8.1. Health:
Youth
are facing many kinds of health related problems. Youth are relatively healthy
segment of the population; their health has typically been given little
attention. When they do suffer poor health, it is often caused by armed
conflict, violence, substance abuse, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Basically youth
of today, are wasting their money and health on tobacco, unsafe sex and
are exposed to HIV/AIDS and face other health related problems.
2.8.2. HIV/AIDS:
The
present world has not known the world without HIV/AIDS. As a group they are
especially vulnerable to HIV infection. Among the 10million youth currently
living with AIDS, 6.2 million are in sub-Saharan Africa and 2.2 million are in
Asia. The HIV incidence is higher among young women than among young man. One
third of women affected with HIV are between the ages of 15 and 24.
2.8.3.
Drug Abuse: the
use of drug, alcohol, and tobacco are means of escaping from the situations
that youth feel powerless to change. Growing alcohol and drug abuse has
contributed to increase in both mortality and HIV infection rates among youth
people. It is believed that up to a quarter of those who inject drugs in
central Asia and Eastern Europe are
below the age 20. The use of every type of drug has increased among youth since
the early 1990s.
2.8.4. Juvenile
Delinquency- Juvenile Delinquency covers a range of
different violations of legal and social norms, ranging from minor offences to
serious crimes. Youth take advantage of illegal opportunities and engage in
crime, substance abuse and violent acts against others, especially their peers.
An overwhelming majority of those who participate in violence against youth are
about the same age and sex as their victims; often the victims know their
assailants. However, most of the young people desist from such activities, with
few going to develop criminal career.
2.8.5.
Armed Conflict- In
2003, more than 72 countries were identified as unstable (joint United Nations
Program on HIV/AIDS, 2004). In past decade, an estimated two million children
and youth have died in armed conflict, and five million have been disabled
(United Nations, 2004b).The impact of armed conflict on the life of young
people and on society as a whole is enormous. Conflict seriously endangers the
socialization process, affecting young people’s chance of becoming economically
and socially independent adults. (UN, 2005) etc.
CHAPTER
III
RESEARCH
METHODS
3.1JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY AREA
The
study was conducted in the Thapathali Slum area of Kathmandu within 24 youth
respondents. The Thapathali slum community was visited. This area is very poor
economically and physically even though most of youth are facing economic and
social challenge in the community.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
The
research followed descriptive design, as it tried to describe social and
economic challenging factors of youth living in Thapathali slum area. As well
as this research tried to describe youth involvement in anti social activities.
3.3 NATURE AND SOURCE OF
DATA
The
nature of data is both qualitative and quantitative. Primary data collection
was done through personal/ individual interviews and questionnaires. The
secondary data was collected through literature, internet and reports.
3.4 UNIVERSE AND SAMPLE
The
universe of the study was the residents of the Thapathali slum area of
Kathmandu valley. For the study, the Thapathali slum area was visited. Snow ball sample was used for the study which
was taken all together 24 respondents as the sample size.
3.5
DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
The
primary data collection has been done through questionnaire which was provided
to the youth living in Thapathali slum area of Kathmandu. And on the period of data collection, respondents
were referred their youth for primary data collection. And secondary data was
collected through literature review form various books, reports and internet.
The questionnaires were both open and close ended.
3.6
DATA ANALYSIS
The
entire completed questionnaire and the codes assigned to each individual
question at the field level were thoroughly checked for internal consistency,
before the coding started. Prior to coding, a coding manual for each set of
data was prepared. One the basis of this manual, the coding of the entire open
ended and close ended questionnaire was done. And the frequency was counted by
using tally bar methods. Analyzed information was presented in a report along
with statistical tools such as frequency and percentage. The study has focus on
both qualitative and quantitative method of analysis.
3.7LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
a. There
was financial constraint as the study to conduct without any grant and
scholarships.
b. This
research was able to covers only 24 youth people living in Thapathali slum area
as respondents of research.
c. The
contextual meaning of operational definition may be different in other
researches.
d. The
study is limited thus findings may not be applicable to other parts of the
community or country and can be generalized to similar circumstances only.
e. The
finding of respondents would not be used other than research purpose.
CHAPTER
IV
DATA
ANAYSIS
This
chapter is included the analysis data collected from 24 respondents were form
Thapathali slum area of Kathmandu. The questionnaire contained 20 questions
which were both open and close ended. The study showed the following results.
4.1.
Caste and education composition:
The
study shows that the majority of respondents were form the ethnic group
including Newar, Magar, Rai which composed of 58.33% of the total respondents.
The caste Dalit followed the majority which was 20.83%. Likewise, the Chhettri
and Brahmins followed 12.5% and 8.33% respectively. Figure 1 indicates the
caste composition of the respondents.
Figure-1
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
The
educational level has been divided into four categories from nursery to higher
levels. One the division is titled ‘illiterate’. Out of the 24 respondents,
none of them were found to be illiterate.
Most of the respondents were from the categories six to ten class which
covers 70.83%. Among the total
respondents 16.66% respondents were from the nursery level to five class and
12.50% were found plus two to higher graduation level student. The education
composition has presented in following figure no. 2.
Figure – 2: (Education Composition)
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
4.2.
Occupation and marital status composition:
Most of the respondents
were found to have studying as students. The percentages of students were found
54.16%. The minimum respondents were found to be 8.33% which is business
sector. 12.5% respondents were working in service sector and only 2%
respondents were found to have working in agriculture sector. And 4%
respondents were not responded about their occupation. This analysis is illustrated in figure 3.
Figure
– 3
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
And the study shows
that 70.83% respondents were unmarried and remaining 29.16% respondent found to
be married. Which status is given from figure no. 4.
Figure
- 4
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
4.3.
Age and Sex composition:
Most of the respondents (58.33%) fell into the
category of 15 to 19 years of age and other 41.66% were of the age 20 to 25
years. Figure no. 5 illustrates the age category of the young respondents. In
the study 58.33% of the respondents were male and the remaining 41.66% were
female. Which sex composition shows in given figure no. 6.
Figure
– 5 Figure
- 6
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
4.4.
Original address and living duration composition:
Among
the total respondents 58.33% were form Central development region of Nepal. The
Eastern development region followed 37.50% respondents and only 4.16%
respondents form the Western development region of Nepal although none of them
were found form the other development region of country. According to living
duration in Thapathali area, the four time categories are divided among the
total 58.33% respondents are living in Thapathali slum area which percentage
covers the category of six to ten years. 33.33% respondents followed the
category of one year to five years. Only 4.166 %respondents are including the
category eleven to above years and the same percentage of respondents had not
response about their living duration. Which both composition are given below
form the figure no. 7 and figure no. 8.
Figure- 7(Address composition)
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
Figure-8
(Source:
Field survey 2013
4.5.
Family composition:
This
composition shows the family differences form their family members which covers
the four categories they are; the small family, joint family, complex family
and no response about their family number. Here 75% covers the joint family and
20.83% of the total respondents were form small family. 4.16% respondents were
had not response and none of them were from complex family. The family composition has been presented in
figure 9.
Figure-9
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
4.5.
Challenging social factors of youth living in Thapathali.
Especially
social factors cover the social relationship, education, health, family
responsibility aspects to get the challenging factors of social for their young
people. In the question, related to education that asked them about continuity
of their study. Where among the total respondents 62.50% respondents were going
to school/college and remaining 37.50% respondents were found that they stopped
to go school. In addition when asked “what are your problems to study?” Among
the total school going respondents, 37.9% respondents expressed about problem
that difficulty to pay school fees. And 8.33% respondents said that there is no
any problem although as a same percent respondents showed that they have family
problem. Among the school going respondents, 4.16% respondents indicated two
same problem that are lack of light (electricity) facility and less attention
towards the course books. And this question wanted to ask “what is the reason
to have left study?”. Among the total respondents, majority of the respondents
said poor income source was the main reason which answered covered 12.5%
respondents. 4.16 % respondents represented the following reason to left their
study they are; to take skill development training, to search employment
opportunities, family problem and same percentage expressed there is no any
reason. Here figure 10 makes further clear.
Figure- 10
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
According
to another education related question which asked their changes brought by
education. Where 87.5 % respondents said ‘yes’ and remaining 12.5% respondents
expressed that they have not nay changes brought by education. Majority of the
‘yes’ respondents said that the education is developed their understanding
level and they can read books; write easily than other illiterate people as
well as some of them said that an education is helping their task to work
easily, education taught them to stay in discipline, some of them got job
opportunities and they have not any fear from the challenge of other people due
to education. Its sub question also added that “what are the reason for not
change their life”. Among the total respondents, 12.5% respondents replied that
they have not good educational qualification so they did not brought changes in
their life.
About
participation of youth in community activities, where 91.66% respondents said
they are being participate on various community tasks for instance sanitation
program, construction and development of infrastructure, health awareness
program, drinking water management activities. Among them 8.33% respondents
were not responded about that. Remaining those respondents expressed that youth
are not getting opportunities and other people takes youth as immature human so
that their young people are not getting such opportunities to participate on
community activities.
Figure-
11: Family
responsibility of youth
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
Family
responsibility is an important aspect for human in every society which
responsibility compels people to contribute something for their family as the
same with the concept this study asked about family responsibility of young
people of Thapathali slum. Out of the 24 respondents 50% has family
responsibilities and 45.83% respondents said they do not have such
responsibility. As well as 4.16% respondents were constant because of did not
replied. Half of respondent said that there is lots of problem to carry family
responsibility they are; difficult to provide all the desire things of family,
problem of money, difficulty to provide good health service, education
facilities, difficult to run households and increasing price of goods and
service. And 4.16% respondents were not provided answer about it. This research
also asked in additional question that what are the reasons for not getting
responsibility of youth where 50% respondents said due to the small age and
lack experience were the main reasons.
Out
of the total, 50% respondents shared that they are going to hospital for
regular checkup and general illness. The study showed that mainly money problem
is one of the higher and common problems to treatment, and secondly careless of
hospital staff is another problem faced by them. Minority of the respondents
shared still they did not faced problem during the health checkup. Remaining
50% respondents exposed reason for not going to hospital for small and general
illness. Small part of the respondents believed that not necessary to go
hospital for small kinds of illness and remaining respondent said due to the
money problem they are not able to go hospital. Which data is presented below
in figure-12.
Figure- 12: Health checkup for general illness
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
The
study showed that majority of respondents said they don’t have any kind of
access and relationship with VDC office, governmental and non-governmental
office, hospital, school, consumer committee and other Tole members. Other remaining group said they have some accesses
that were; they went to VDC office to make citizenship card, to register
marriage and death certificate. Nongovernmental and non-governmental
institution are providing some education service, health service, awareness campaign
of HIV and AIDS, and poverty related campaign where there youth were
involved. Generally hospital and school
are the main place their youth are directly involved for just treatment illness
and for taking education.
4.6 Economic
challenges of youth living in Thapathali slum area.
This
study covers employment opportunities of youth, their skills and knowledge and
about the obstacles are facing youth to get such desired things in titled
economic challenges. Out of the total respondent, only 58.33% respondents were
got training opportunities and remaining 41.66% respondents have not any kinds
of training and skill to earn money these training were life skill training,
arms force training, basic computer training, mobile repairing training, auto
motor repairing training, swing training, business related training etc. But
majority of the trained respondent said they have not any benefits from
training. Only 25% respondents were able to get earning opportunities. And 25%
respondents believed that they have high hope to get job opportunities and as a
qualified person in society. The question also wanted to take reason for not
attending any training yet form the 41.66% respondents. They explained that
lack of training opportunities and lack of capital were the main reason. Out of
the respondents, only 4.16% respondent said they are just student. This data
illustrate in figure 13.
Figure-13
: Participation
of youth in training
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
According
to the study, among the total respondents only 25% are doing job and most of
the respondents (75%) are unemployed due to lack of good educational
qualification, lack of skills and knowledge, lack of employment opportunities,
lack of time because many of youth are studying only and they also said that
they don’t have any relationship with governmental and non -governmental
officers to work. 25% job holder respondent also expose their problem during
job period they are; problem of strike, lack of market and some of them could
not able to give enough time for their family.
This
study also tried to find out obstacle factors to get health service, to get
employment opportunities, family responsibilities. Among the respondent
explained in terms of health facility they have money problem, conservative
thinking, fear form high expenses, dependency on governmental and
non-governmental programs were main obstacle to get health service. And in
terms of employment they said that the lack of employment opportunities, less
educational qualification, lack of skill development training and corruption
system are the main obstacle to get employment opportunities. In terms of
family responsibility, majority of respondents indicate main obstacle that
difficulty to fulfill all needs of family and other answers about other answers
were; small age and immatureness, lack of experience, lack of educated person
in family.
The
83.33% respondents said their young people go to foreign land to work and among
the remaining (16.66) replied they don’t know. The majority of the respondents
also replied some of problem faced by youth before and after go to foreign land
that were; lack of skill and training, lack of good education, poor economic
condition to invest, no satisfactory salary according to work, possibility of
trapped by broker etc.
4.7 Surviving young people on their
community.
In
the Thapathali slum area their young people are facing many problems in daily
life they are said by their youth respondents which problems were; lack of
proper toilet facility, lack of communication facility, high possibility to
involve in criminal activities, poor infrastructure development, increasing
price of goods, and use of drugs. And they also said that their young women
have some different problem they are facing. According to respondents normally
women discrimination, health problem, unemployment, less literacy rate of women
and bathroom and toilet problem is common.
Among the total respondents, majority of respondents (62.50%) indicate on
unemployment problem and other remaining shared mentioned above answers. Figure-14
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
The
study indicates that mainly fever, common cold, cough, diarrhea, tuberculosis,
cancer, diabetes, chickenpox, headache, stomachache etc. are prevailing in the
Thapathali slum among the youth. The individual respondents mentioned a number
of diseases which have been indicated in figure number no.17. The most
prevalent disease was found to be tuberculosis. Further, this can be analyzed
with reference to the drug use pattern of the respondents. The mention of drug
use is also high. As it is a fact that drug use leads to tuberculosis, it may
be highly prevalent in Thapathali slum among the youth.
This
research also tried to asked about youth involvement in drug use where majority
of respondents (54.16%) showed half population of the youth are using drugs and
alcohol in Thapathali slum area. Among the total respondents, 41.66%
respondents claimed that all youth are involved in drug addiction. Only 4.16%
respondents indicate that some of their youth are involved in such activities
and 0% respondent said none of them youth are druggist which data presented in
figure 14. Also this question emphasized to know about which types of things
they are using? Out of the total respondents, 45.83% respondents have showed
youth are involving in drug use. Remaining respondents expressed
marijuana/cannabis, alcohol, smoking and drinking and some of them also taking
syringe which all activities lead youth towards the anti social activities.
Figure-15:
Involvement of
youth in drug addiction
(Source:
Field survey 2013)
Among
the total respondents, 37.50% respondents explained that to get employment
opportunities and the same percent of respondents were come with their parents
and with their friends and 20.83% respondent blamed to poverty. Only 8.33%
respondents were came to get good education although rest of the respondents
(4.16%) said due to family conflict and problems. This question also further
desired to know that “what are the problems of Thapathali slum community?”
where the study showed 25% respondents indicated health problem, 16.66%
respondents said lack of economic source/income source, 12.50% expressed
problem of toilet or bathroom, 4.66% respondents said conservative thinking is
next problem and rest of the same respondents (4.66%) said lack of literacy rate
of people in society.
4.8 Employment opportunities:
This
study already analyzed about skill development training of respondent among
youth where 58.33% respondents had training related to agriculture, business,
art and other including arm force training and among the trained respondents,
only 25% are getting opportunities to generate money which data presented below
in figure 15. And next question was about their aims where respondents had
different dream to each other they were; doctor, driver, mechanic, staff nurse,
social worker, teacher, army, good mother, officer, football player,
journalist, a person with good income etc. Among the total respondent, majority
of respondents only 12.50% said they want to be a good football player. One
third population (25%) respondents had not replied about their aims where this
study further asked “what is the main reason that you cannot express your
aims?” with closed ended question. Among the rest of the respondents, 50%
respondents had no good answer towards their aim and 25% respondent said due to
lack of their confident.
Figure-16
: Employee
(Source: Field survey 2013)
This
study also wanted to know their desired skill and trainings where majority of
the respondents (20.83%) wanted to learn football game skills, 12.50%
respondents kept desired to take arm related training and same percentage of
respondents expressed driving training. Same percentage of respondent like
4.16% said they want to take practical knowledge, business related training,
construction related training, computer training, government officer related
training etc. And remaining 12.50% respondents had not provided any response
about it.
4.9 Thapathali (slum) Youth at risks:
This
study already analyzed above that many problems are facing in their daily life
like shelter problem, toilet problem, unemployment, high possibility of youth
in crime to involve were main. And it is also explained that maximum their
youth are using drugs and alcohol. They have high change to involve in criminal
activities. This study also tried to find out about criminal activities of
youth in Thapathali area where 87.5% respondents said yes and remaining small
percentage only 12.50% respondents were answered no. This data shows that there
is maximum chance of youth to involve in anti social activities. The question
further asked “what are these criminal activities are happening in community?”
Mainly criminal activities were happening these are; use of drugs, use of
cigarette and cannabis, sexual abuse, women discrimination, fighting, blaming
etc. The question also added that to know about the youth involvement in anti
social activities where majority of the respondents said yes these answers
were; fighting and blaming, use of cannabis/ marijuana, fell into addiction,
and 25% of the total respondents had not replied about it.
This
study also took suggestion of Thapthali youth to improve their social and
economic life style for the governmental and non-governmental agency. Among the
total respondents, 83.33% respondents answered should provide employment
opportunities from the governmental and non-governmental agency where 54.16%
respondents requested to provide entrepreneurship training. Only 16.66% respondents
kept view that government should provide houses and land to live. 12.5%
respondents view was that government should provide free education for their
youth and 4.16% respondents was kept three answered that were; the government
should banded cigarette and beverage industry, salary should provide according
to work, and punishment should be given to real criminal. Rest of the remaining
12.5% respondents did not suggest to the governmental and non- governmental
agency.
CHAPTER
V
SUMMARY,
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1
SUMMARY
Slum
communities are defined by poverty, low income, inadequate living conditions
and sub standard facilities. These communities are usually inhabited by
socially disadvantaged people (people regarded as lower caste). Thapathali slum
is one of the big slum areas of Kathmandu, Nepal where many diverse people are
living. Different people are form different district and they are very poor
based on economically and socially. Our literature review also show that most
of the young people are facing many problem like unemployment, involvement in
crime, health problem, education problem etc. The Thapathali area is that area
where many youth are facing lots of problem related to social and economic.
This
study shows that the social and economic challenge of youth living in
Thapathali slum area. This study had also objective that to find out employment
opportunities of their youth as well as involvement of their youth in anti
social activities. The analysis of data shows that most of the youth are taking
education and some of them had taken skill development training as well. On the
perspective of education many of them showed that they have economic problem to
pay school fees, to take desired knowledge and training. The majority of people
said they don’t have any kinds of opportunities of skill development training
and employment opportunities. And some of them indicated that poor educational
background is the main problem to get opportunities. . Their some of young
people are not getting chance to participate community activities because their
people thought that youth as immature human and they have lack of experiences.
Due
to the poor infrastructure like; poor shelter, lack of toilet facility, strike
problem of political party, fear from Nepal government (houses were broken by
Nepal government with the perception of illegal resistance) are main their
community problems. Mainly women are facing more problems than male people due
to lack of toilet facility. Maximum youth have not access with governmental and
non-governmental agencies like VDC office, NGOs, INGOs, Government, and
consumer committee etc. Some of youth are going to foreign country to earn but
they are facing debt problem, broker problem, and low salary according to work
etc.
Their
young people have high chance to trap in drug addiction which directly harms
their health as result they won’t be able to work. This study showed that
maximum youth have high possibility to attack from tuberculosis disease. And
normally common cold, cough, headache, cancer, fever etc were most prevalent
diseases of youths.
This
analysis also showed that 54.16% respondents exposed 50% youth are using drugs
and alcohol in Thapathali area. And 41.66% respondents followed that all youth
are using drugs. So we analyzed that kind of activities has more possibility to
participate in anti social activities like; sexual abuse, fighting, blaming,
use of alcoholic syringe, stole of needy materials etc. This study showed that
their people are very poor and they cannot afford money to get desired
knowledge and skill. They don’t have good opportunities also although trained
person are not getting opportunities according to training.
Family
responsibility is an important aspect for human being which make human to be
serious about life they are compelling to fulfill family desired with the same
concept this research asked question that “Do you have family responsibility?”.
Among the total respondents, 50% respondents had family responsibility they had
to fulfill all kind of need of family including their household’s expenses.
During taking family responsibility they were mainly following problem they
are; money problem, difficulty to pay household’s expenses and problem of high
interest of debt etc.
This
study also covered suggestion of youth to upliftment lifestyle where
respondents suggested that were; government should provide employment
opportunities, free education facility, should provide entrepreneurship
training or skill development training, salary according to work, proper house
and land facility for them etc were an important or highlighted answer by
respondents.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION:
The
overall findings show that the youth are facing social and economic challenges
where most of the respondents indicated money problem, lack of employment
opportunities, less participation on community development activities, poor
infrastructure, involvement of youth in anti social activities, lack of skill
development training etc. were highlighted challenges and problems of youth
living in Thapathali slum area of Kathmandu, Nepal. Thus, to address or
minimize these issues the government and non-governmental organization should
be create employment opportunities, should provide skilled based training,
should manage better place and house for their residency, should be manage free
educational activities. And also have to make good policy for their young
people towards drugs addiction. This study also shows that they did not go
hospital for regular check up and for general illness. There people are
believed not necessary go to hospital and they have also conservative thinking
due to these reason many of them compel to bear additional problem in health
sector. So, the government and non government organization should consider
about their health, education, family, income, employment etc. related
problems. This study also focused that their many youth are unemployed they are
going towards anti social activities slowly which result will big burden for
the country so we have to think within sort period. According to study most of the their young
person want to take skill development training and some them have taken
service, business, agriculture, art and construction related training but they
are not getting opportunities and enough capital to invest for upliftment their
life style. For this, issues should be addressed by related personnel and
agencies.
5.3 CONCLUSION:
This
study was intended to find out social and economic challenges of youth living
in Thapathali area of Kathmandu, Nepal. All respondents were youth form the
Thapathali area of Kathmandu and most of them have been living this area since
five year. They are originally from different districts most of them form
central development region. Most of the youth are going to study only mainly
female are less educated than male. This study show most prevailing problems
were; unemployment, lack of opportunities, poor infrastructure condition, and
involvement in crime etc. According to
the respondents, maximum youth are using drugs and alcohol then they fight each
other which kinds of activities leads youth towards crime. Increasing price of
goods and services in market is one of great issues which directly affect poor
people. As the same, their youth are getting frustration about it and they have
higher change to involve in anti social activities.
According
to the study, among the total respondents only 25% are doing job and most of
the respondents (75%) are unemployed due to lack of good educational
qualification, lack of skills and knowledge, lack of employment opportunities,
lack of time because many of youth are studying only and they also said that
they don’t have any relationship with governmental and non -governmental
officers to work although among the trained youth are not getting employment
opportunities and their youth people have not proper financial resources as
well as other local sources. Some of the reason was find out that they don’t
have any relationship with governmental and non-governmental officer to work.
It is the fact that Nepal is one of highlighted country in corruption so other
non political and poor people want take support from such governmental and
nongovernmental office or staffs. Thus government, non-government sector and
related agency should consider about the social and economic challenges of
youth living in Thapathali slum area of Kathmandu, Nepal.
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