Decentralization And Forms of Decentralization

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Definition of Decentralization


Various scholars define decentralization in their own ways:

L.D. White: "The transfer of powers of administrative authority from lower to higher level of government is called centralization and covers decentralization."

Chamber's Twentieth Century Dictionary defines: "Decentralization is the process of transferring the functions a central government to the local." 

M.P. Sharma defines: " The fewer subordinate centers decision on organization has the more centralization there would be."

Dwight Waldo opines: "In centralized administration, the co-ordination is at top with resulting delays, jealousies and jurisdictional disputes. In decentralized administration, the aim is to create a whole purpose, personalities and instrumentalists which is greater than the sum of the various constituent elements."

Cheema and Rodinelli define: "Decentralization refers to transfer of planing, decision making or administrative authority from central government to its field organization, local administrative units, semi autonomous and pastoral organizations, local government or non- governmental organization." 

Louis Allen defines: "Decentralization refers to the systematic effort delegate to the lower level to all authority except that which can only be exercised at central point." 


 Stages of Decentralization: 

There are basically three forms of decentralization of power practice in the world.

a) Deconcerntration :
This is limited to passing down only administrative discretion to local offices of central government ministries. But in some emergency case few decisions can be taken without central reference.

b) Delegation: 
Delegation involves passing some decision-making power and authority to local officials. But central government retains the right to overturn or change local decisions and at any time can take those power back. 

c) Devolution:
This is the strongest form of decentralization where central level grants decision making powers to local authorities and allowing them to take full responsibility without any reference back to central government. Devolution includes financial power and the authority to formulate, design and execute local development projects and programs. In this model local government becomes the actor for local development affairs, public administration performs facilitation and coordinating functions at all level.

Division of power is also a forms of decentralization fund in Federal System. Where division of power is maintained between state and central government. Federal government retains planning, monetary policies, foreign policies making power and state government are empowered to take its own design. 














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